For comprehensive guidelines, please consult the Physical Review Style and Notation Guide, Frequently used Memos, and other indicated guidelines, as well as recent issues of the specific journals. Even the lowest of these returns (on an edition of 500) would have justified the venture.To find information regarding our standard peer-review practices, please consult the Editorial Policies and Practices otherwise, the following guidelines provide an overview of content, technical, and style requirements for preparing manuscripts for submission to the Physical Review journals. But since a good proportion of the prime costs would not have had to be met until printing was well advanced, nor the ballance paid until after printing had finished, a substantial part of the “investment” monies could have been met from the income from sales. “If 500 copies were printed, given a two-year printing period, the investment would yield roughly 100% per annum, if 1000 copies were printed it would have been 200% per annum. McKenzie summarizes various costings in terms of print runs and paper quality and concludes that the Folio project could have been financed on a trailing cash basis. ![]() 3ĭonald Francis McKenzie, in a lengthy footnote appearing at the bottom of pages 28-29 in “Making Meaning, ‘Printers of the Mind’ and Other Essays” mentions that, “Cantrell Legge the Cambridge printer has left a very detailed ‘direction to value most Bookes by the charge of the Printer & Stationer, as paper was sould Anno Dni: 1622’ ” (Cambridge University Archives Mss 33.2.95 and 33.6.8) The book is available as an ebook through Google Play. Perhaps Londoners really did line pie plates with Shakespeare’s original drafts, or use them as toilet paper, but that’s because early modern people were thrifty and recycled everything, not because paper was expensive and scarce. ![]() As for Shakespeare’s papers, literary drafts were not valued in this period, and as Tiffany Stern and others have shown, the sorts of manuscripts that were produced for performance were ephemeral. So, why did people write in endleaves? I think it is for the same reason I write on receipts from the grocery store, or on a bookmark, or on the back of my daughters’ homework: it is what is there at the moment I need to scribble something down. Publishers bought many reams of paper (480-500 sheets of paper) at a time, while individuals usually purchased single quires of paper (25 sheets). I would argue that it was the scale of paper required to print the books that makes paper an expensive resource. I assume that the argument about paper being so expensive has been recycled from the print world. Plenty of work has been done on the economics of the printing house, and indeed, printing paper was an expensive commodity for publishers, printers, or authors, usually constituting nearly half of the production cost for a book. It required a sizeable upfront investment in cash, loans, or rags, thus tying up capital. ![]() 2 Royal, imperial, fine, very fine, Venice, and other sizes and qualities of paper were considerably more expensive, but most people weren’t using fancy paper. Also, the price of paper barely budged between the 1570s and 1640s, while the price index for most other consumables (foods, candles, oil, textiles) increased by 63%. These numbers are all slightly wobbly, of course, but they suggest that regular writing paper was not an expensive consumable for laborers or aristocrats. 15), that’s a penny per year spent on paper. Coleman’s estimate that the average annual consumption of white paper per head in England in 1600 was 6 sheets (p. ![]() To put this in perspective, the average laborer making 6-12 pence a day could purchase up to 75 sheets of paper with a day’s wages. “It em for ij Quars of papere -– viij d“.
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